Holding your breath for minutes at a time should be terrible for your brain.

But scientists have discovered that freedivers who plunge deep underwater develop incredible mental adaptations that protect neural networks involved in attention, movement and memory.

In a study, researchers found breath-hold training is linked to major changes in how different brain regions communicate.

And they say the findings could one day inspire treatments for Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders.

The paper, uploaded to pre-print server bioRxiv, reads: ‘Freediving training is associated with selective reorganization of hippocampal and large-scale brain networks.

‘These changes are linked to episodic memory performance and may reflect adaptive neuroplastic processes under repeated voluntary hypoxia.

‘Freediving therefore provides a valuable human model for investigating functional brain adaptation and may inform therapeutic interventions to enhance cognitive resilience.’

For the study, the team, from the University of Paris-Saclay, recruited 17 experienced freedivers who underwent brain scans before and after a seven-month training period.

They also enlisted 20 men who had never freedived but were of a similar age and performed around five hours of aerobic exercise per week.

During each scan, the participants completed four rounds consisting of up to two minutes of holding their breath followed by 90 seconds of normal breathing.

Everyone who took part also performed memory tests.

Analysis revealed that after seven months of training, the freedivers showed changes in brain connectivity across networks associated with cognitive control, attention, sensory processing and movement.

Both sides of the hippocampus showed stronger links to the cerebellum, a brain region best known for controlling movement but increasingly recognised as playing an important role in memory and other cognitive functions.

At the same time, connections between the hippocampus and areas involved in processing sensory information and movement became weaker, particularly when the freedivers were breathing normally.

The researchers believe this pattern suggests the brain may be shifting its focus away from the outside world and towards internal processes that help protect and preserve memories during the physiological stresses of freediving.

‘Overall, neuroplasticity induced by freediving appears to reflect a unique convergence of sport and hypoxia adaptation,’ the researchers said.

‘This combination led to a functional reorganization that prioritizes internal regulation, memory preservation, and network efficiency.

‘Our data suggests, therefore, that under controlled and repeated exposure, voluntary hypoxia may support neural resilience.’

They added: ‘Beyond sport, these insights open translational avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting hippocampal vulnerability, such as in aging, neurodegeneration, or hypoxia-related pathologies, through controlled hypoxic training paradigms designed to harness adaptive neuroplasticity.’