"Long-Term and Real-World Safety Data on Antipsychotic Agitation Therapy" takes up the longer-term and real-world evidence behind an on-label antipsychotic therapy for agitation.

The panel reviews longer-term and real-world data on the antipsychotic option discussed in the prior episode. A six-month extension study, without a placebo arm, enrolled roughly 250 patients who had completed the earlier pivotal trial, focusing primarily on safety and durability rather than efficacy, and found no new safety signals. A separate real-world analysis, published in Neurology in 2025, used Medicare claims to compare new users of this on-label antipsychotic against new users of off-label aripiprazole, matching the two groups through propensity analysis and examining mortality, emergency department visits, and hospitalization. The on-label agent showed lower all-cause mortality than off-label aripiprazole, with no difference in hospitalization or emergency visit rates. The panel is careful to note this does not remove the drug's own black-box warning, but it is reassuring about real-world mortality risk relative to a commonly used off-label alternative.

The panel raises real methodological caveats, however, since aripiprazole's effects vary enormously across its dosing range, and the study does not specify dosing or comorbidities, such as coexisting schizophrenia, within the aripiprazole group, limiting how far the mortality comparison can be pushed. In long-term care, off-label aripiprazole for agitation is typically dosed at 2 to 5 milligrams, well below its psychiatric indications.

On monitoring in everyday practice, the panel is candid that formal CMAI and NPI scales, while valuable in research, feel impractical and exhausting for patients in routine care. Instead, clinicians track three to seven of the most troublesome caregiver-reported behaviors, prioritizing the most disruptive first, continuously reassessing safety, and checking at each visit whether prior concerns have resolved and new ones have emerged, while still inviting input from patients with only mild cognitive impairment when they are able to contribute.

Up next, in "What Drives Treatment Selection Between the Two On-Label Agitation Therapies," the panel weighs comorbidities and psychosis against long-term care rating pressures to choose between the two on-label options.