Economic fluctuations, in addition to being reflected in GDP numbers, inflation, and unemployment rates, impact household budgets, hiring decisions of companies, and the ability of families to save money. This year’s Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (2026), given to Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford for “microeconomic foundations of macroeconomic stabilisation”, highlights an essential concept — successful economic policies require an understanding of how individual households and businesses make their economic choices.

Governments have spent many years attempting to reduce the size of both the ‘peaks’ (highs) and ‘troughs’ (lows) that occur in the business cycle. In times of low economic activity (which is characterised by weak demand), central banks use their power to cut interest rates; in times of strong economic activity (characterised by strong demand), policy changes may need to be made to restrict further growth.

However, the oil crises of the 1970s demonstrated that there were weaknesses in the models that were being utilised at that time. It became clear that the relationships between inflation, unemployment, consumption, and production were far more variable than had previously been believed. During this period, inflation continued to rise with unemployment levels also rising. Additionally, growth rates were declining. Therefore, stimulating an economy at the wrong time could result in even greater problems.

Mr. Hall and Mr. Woodford advanced macroeconomic stabilisation through their focus on placing household and business decisions at the centre of economic studies.

Mr. Hall’s research demonstrated how consumption patterns reflect people’s expectations of future earnings. However, he acknowledged that many households are unable to smooth out their spending due to a lack of savings and credit. In India, then, policymakers should consider the variations among households with different levels of financial security (that is high-income vs. low-income), instead of making decisions based upon what is considered to be the “average” consumer.

John Maynard Keynes was the first to recognise the importance of stabilising an economy. Following a similar line, Mr. Woodford developed his ideas within a practical new Keynesian model which links consumer spending, inflation and the overall level of economic activity. It allows policymakers to analyse how changes in interest rates could impact the economy. An important part of the model is that prices are “sticky”, which means that firms do not immediately change their prices when there is a change in demand or cost. Firms set prices based upon what they believe their future costs, demand and competitors’ prices will be. Therefore, expectations set for the future can affect today’s inflation.

Central banks’ credibility and communication is important because a central bank’s decision on interest rates does more than explain what its policy rate is today. Such announcements will affect people’s expectations for future interest rates and inflation which will again ultimately influence their decisions today. Clear and consistent communications from central banks allow households and businesses to make plans.

On the other hand, unpredictable signals from central banks or announcements of policies that are not followed through with actions can reduce the effectiveness of monetary policy.

The model warns that not all shocks should be viewed as being caused by demand. Disruptions to supply may also lead to higher prices, lower levels of output, and an increase in unemployment at the same time, which would need to be tackled with other available policy options than just adjusting interest rates. Stabilisation models for India must take into account what is happening within the country, as well as be backed up with a strong monetary policy, responsible fiscal management, access to reliable data and specific assistance provided to those who are the most at risk of losing their jobs.

In the end, the value of the Nobel prize is in encouraging disciplined policymaking that takes into consideration the context in which it operates, while protecting price stability, job security and people’s livelihoods.

Sushanta Kumar Mahapatra is Associate Professor of Economics at the ICFAI School of Social Sciences, IFHE, Hyderabad